I agree that construction vehicles can do a lot of damage to a road.  We have discussed charging a fee when someone does construction, but never have.  However, our association has had a clause in our bylaws as follows:

Any damage to the road by an owner, his/her guests, or his/her contractors beyond normal wear and tear shall be the responsibility of that owner, and the cost of any repairs necessitated by such damage may be assessed against said owner by the Board of Directors.

This year we amended it further, adding the following:

“Normal wear and tear” means minimal damage incurred in the course of use for access to and from a residence by the resident(s) and their guests or invitees, including package deliveries, fuel deliveries, and the like, but does not include visible damage caused by construction vehicles, delivery of construction vehicles or building materials, well drilling equipment, logging equipment or log trucks, any commercial or industrial use of the road, abusive operation of ATV’s or 4wd vehicles at such times or in such a manner as causes significant visible damage, or other such uses. The Board of Directors shall have the authority to determine whether damage is significant so as to require assessing the damage against the land owner.

We once charged a member whose son did donuts in the road with an ATV, and he did pay for re-grading that section of road.  We have yet to test the additional wording.